主语和谓语的单复数匹配代词和主谓一致性就近原则

2024-04-07 14:44:36

主语和谓语的单复数匹配代词和主谓一致性就近原则
在英语简单句中,主谓一致性是一个基本的语法规则,指的是主语和谓语在数和人称上必须保持一致。以下是英语简单句中主谓一致性的几个关键点:
1. 主语和谓语的单复数匹配:
   - 当主语是单数时,谓语动词通常也是单数形式。例如:`She reads a book.`(她读一本书。)
   - 当主语是复数时,谓语动词通常也是复数形式。例如:`They play football.`(他们踢足球。)
2. 不可数名词和动词的单数形式:
   - 不可数名词通常被看作单数,因此谓语动词使用单数形式。例如:`Milk is good for health.`(牛奶对健康有益。)
3. 集体名词和动词的形式:
   - 集体名词,如`team`、`family`、`class`等,根据语境可能被视为单数或复数。如果它们被看作一个整体,谓语动词用单数;如果强调集体中的个体成员,谓语动词用复数。例如:
     - `The team is ready for the game.`(这个团队已经准备好参加比赛了。)

     - `The team are all excited.`(团队的每个人都很兴奋。)

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4. 代词和主谓一致性:
   - 当主语后面跟有代词(如`with`, `together with`, `like`, `except`, `but`, `no less than`, `as well as`等)引起的短语时,谓语动词应与前面的主语保持一致。例如:
     - `Tom, as well as his brother, likes playing basketball.`(汤姆和他的兄弟都喜欢打篮球。)
5. 就近原则:
   - 在某些情况下,谓语动词的单复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。例如,在`there be`句型中,以及由`either…or…`、`neither…nor…`连接的并列主语中,谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。例如:
     - `There is a book and some pens on the table.`(桌子上有一本书和一些钢笔。)
     - `Neither you nor I am responsible for the accident.`(你和我都不对这次事故负责。)
6. 意义一致原则:
   - 有时主语形式上为单数,但意义上表示的是复数概念,此时谓语动词应使用复数形式。例如:
     - `The United States are divided into 50 states.`(美国分为50个州。)

练习题 1: 填空
1. The cat _______ (is / are) playing with a ball.
2. The jeans _______ (is / are) very expensive.
3. My family _______ (is / are) coming to visit me.
4. Each apple _______ (has / have) a seed inside.
5. Either he or I _______ (am / are) going to the party.

练习题 2: 选择题
1. _______ your brother and sister enjoys reading?
A. Does    B. Do    C. Is    D. Are
2. The book on the table _______ interesting.
A. are    B. is    C. has    D. have
3. This pair of shoes _______ too big for me.
A. is    B. are    C. has    D. have
4. The number of students in our class _______ thirty.
A. is    B. are    C. has    D. have
5. Each of the students _______ a dictionary.
A. has    B. have    C. is    D. are

练习题 3: 改正错误
1. She and I are going to the cinema. (改正主谓不一致的错误)
2. The police is searching for the criminal. (改正主谓不一致的错误)
3. My glasses is broken. (改正主谓不一致的错误)
4. Both he and she has a car. (改正主谓不一致的错误)
5. Neither my sister nor I am going shopping. (改正主谓不一致的错误)

答案及解析
练习题 1: 填空
1. is (主语"The cat"是单数,所以谓语动词用单数形式。)
2. are (虽然"jeans"看起来像是复数形式,但通常被看作单数,指一类衣物,所以谓语动词用复数形式。)
3. is (主语"My family"虽然从字面上看像是复数,但在这里通常被看作一个整体,所以谓语动词用单数形式。)
4. has (主语"Each apple"中的"Each"表明是单个苹果,所以谓语动词用单数形式。)
5. is (主语"Either he or I"中使用了"Either...or..."结构,谓语动词与最近的主语"I"保持一致,用单数形式。)

练习题 2: 选择题
1. B (主语"Your brother and sister"是复数,所以助动词用"Do"。)
2. B (主语"The book"是单数,所以谓语动词用单数形式"is"。)
3. A (主语"This pair of shoes"被看作单数,所以谓语动词用单数形式"is"。)
4. A (主语"The number of students"是单数,表示学生的数量,所以谓语动词用单数形式"is"。)
5. A (主语"Each of the students"中的"Each"表明是单个学生,所以谓语动词用单数形式"has"。)

练习题 3: 改正错误
1. She and I are going to the cinema. (正确:She and I am going to the cinema. 应改为 "She and I am going to the cinema.",因为当主语包含第一人称单数"I"时,动词应与"I"保持一致,使用单数形式"am"。)
2. The police is searching for the criminal. (正确:The police are searching for the criminal. 应改为 "The police are searching for the criminal.",因为"police"通常被看作复数,所以谓语动词用复数形式"are"。)
3. My glasses is broken. (正确:My glasses are broken. 应改为 "My glasses are broken.",因为"glasses"是复数形式,所以谓语动词用复数形式"are"。)
4. Both he and she has a car. (正确:Both he and she have a car. 应改为 "Both he and she have a car.",因为主语包含两个并列的第三人称单数主语,所以谓语动词用复数形式"have"。)
5. Neither my sister nor I am going shopping. (正确:Neither my sister nor I am going shopping. 正确,无需更改。这个句子中的主谓一致性是正确的,因为"neither"连接的并列主语与最近的主语"I"保持一致,使用单数形式"am"。)

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